Background and purpose: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS and different report exists about its prevalence. This study aimed at determining the frequency of hyponatremia and its associated factors in HOSPITALIZED tuberculosis (TB) PATIENTS in Razi hospital, Iran.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was done using the existing data and the study population included all TB PATIENTS admitted in Razi Hospital during 2006 to 2011. TB was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, positive sputum culture, positive radiographic finding and anti TB treatment. Variables included level of Na, age, sex, and drug regimen (standard/second line).Hyponatremia were sodium levels less than 135 in two consecutive tests. The data was analyzed by SPSS and Chi-square test.Results: The cases were 200 TB PATIENTS including 115 (57.5%) male. The mean age of PATIENTS was 51.2±20.8 years. Hyponatremia was seen in 36 (18%) PATIENTS (CI 95%: 12.6% -23.4%). Distribution of mortality was not significantly different in PATIENTS with and without hyponatremia (P>0.05). No significant difference was seen in frequency of hyponatremia according to the type of tuberculosis.Conclusion: Hyponatremia was considerably higher in PATIENTS with TB which should receive more attention for proper management and follow up.

Background: Pray is always a challenge, especially in health centers. Although the relationship between prayer and health is very well expressed, so far, the barriers and problems of pray have not been taken into consideration by the HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS themselves. This research aimed to explaining pray experiences in HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS. Materials and Methods: The present study is a qualitative phenomenological study. A total of 15 PATIENTS (7 women and 8 men) admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kashan were selected by objective sampling method. Sampling continued until data saturation. These PATIENTS were admitted to the medical, emergency, C. C. U. and surgery departments. The data collection method was semistructured interviews. Interviewed interviews were word by word. Data were analyzed simultaneously with sampling. Results: After analyzing the data, 2 themes (barriers to pray in HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS, facilitating factors for pray in HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS) and 6 categories were included which included "lack of prayer requirements", "lack of purity for pray", "unwillingness to prayer by using alternatives to ablution", "the lack of familiarity with the religious issues related to prayer in HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS", "the possibility of a better and purer relationship with God", "the spiritual effects of prayer on HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS". Conclusion: Due to the lack of pray conditions in the medical centers and the importance of prayer for HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS, the necessary conditions should be provided by the hospital managers and practitioners.

Background and Aim: Burn is among the most expensive injuries which occur at all ages. Regarding the notoriety of burns and differences in population, community, economics, and cultural sectors, obtaining particular information from each area is needed to plan for prevention and treatment. Thus, the present study aimed at determining epidemiological factors related to hospitalization in the burns ward of Birjand Imam Reza hospital.Materials and Methods: This cross - sectional retrospective study was done on 1160 burn PATIENTS who HOSPITALIZED in the burn center during 6 years, (between 21 March 2007 and 21 March 2013). The necessary data was collected by means of a researcher designed questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software (V: 15.5) and applying descriptive statistics including chi-square and Mann Witnietests (P≤0.05).Results: Mean age of the subjects was 24.6 20.6 years. Length of hospitalisation was 11.6± 12.4 days. The majority of the PATIENTS were men (58.8 %). Among the cases, 54.1% were single24.1% were unemployed, 71.4% had either no education or only primary education, and 60.4% were provided with health insurance. It was found that the most common causes of burning were kerosene and or gasoline flame (43.9 %); and most burns were due to accidental injuries at home (73.1 % ). Among the PATIENTS, 37/8 % had burned body surface of 10% -29%. Most (55.9 %) had a combination of 2nd degree and 3rd degree burns, of whom 14.1 % of died. Most PATIENTS were admitted in in winters (28.2 %) and autumns (26 %). There was a significant relationship between variables of burns causes in the PATIENTS (P=0.001) and the burned body surface percentages (P=0.001) and also with the season of the year. There was also a significant relationship between age groups and the percentage of burned body surface (P=0.001).Conclusion: Burns are more prevalent in men (compared to women) and in children.

Background: Medicines that are used to prevent and cure disease may affect PATIENTS if used incorrectly, and this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the frequency of drug interactions in PATIENTS admitted to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia. Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical in a cross-sectional way, From March 20, 2020 to September 21, 2020, a census was conducted on PATIENTS admitted to the emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia, who were 1901 people. The data was collected using a checklist that included information (age, sex, type of drug and severity of interference and type of interference). After collecting the data, it was entered into SPSS software, version 18 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) and analyzed with the help of descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: In this study, the results showed that out of 1901 studied PATIENTS, 1101(57.9) were male and the rest were female 801(42.1), And the average age of the PATIENTS was 61.67±17.13 years, and 1160(60.9) PATIENTS did not have drug interactions and 724(39.01) had drug interactions, and the most common type of drug interaction was the moderate type, which was present in 75.1% of cases; And the final clinical outcome of the PATIENTS was 1088(57.2) discharge, 296(15.5) personal consent discharge and 506(26.6) death. Also, the most common drug interactions were serotide/salbutamol, azithromycin/ondansetron, and aspirin/nitroglycerin, respectively. And there was no significant relationship between the occurrence of drug interactions and the gender of PATIENTS (P=0.27) and finally, the average age of PATIENTS with drug interactions was 17.7±61.2 years and in PATIENTS without drug interactions was 16.7±61.9 years. Conclusion: The overall incidence of drug interactions in the studied PATIENTS was equal to 39.01, and the most common drug interactions in PATIENTS were of moderate and mild type; and there was no statistically significant relationship between the age of the PATIENTS and the gender of the PATIENTS and the incidence of drug interactions.

Cancer PATIENTS are more susceptible to adverse drug-drug interactions (DDIs) due to receiving multiple medications especially chemotherapy medications, hormonal agents and supportive care drugs. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of potential DDIs and to identify risk factors for these potential interactions in HOSPITALIZED cancer PATIENTS in a developing country.A cross-sectional study conducted by reviewing charts of 224 consecutive in HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS in hematology-oncology ward of a teaching hospital in Tehran, during a 12 month period from July 2009 to July 2010. “Drug Interaction Facts 2008, 2009: The Authority on Drug Interactions” was used for screening the potential drug-drug interactions. Potential interactionswere classified by levels of severity and documentation.The median age of PATIENTS was 50 years, the length of hospital stay for patient was 5 days and the number of drugs per patient was 8 drugs. Two hundred and twenty-eight potential interactions were detected. Nearly 14% of the interactions were major and 60% were moderate. Approximately 9% and 10% potential interactions were graded as established and probable. In multivariate analysis, being older than 61 years old, suffering from hematologic cancer, source of cancer in different specific organs (esophagus, testis and cervices more than other sources), and number of ordered drugs for PATIENTS were independent predictors of having at least one potential DDI in hospital order. Suffering from hematologic cancer, source of cancer in different organs, length of hospital stay and number of ordered drugs for PATIENTS were independent predictors for number of interactions per PATIENTS.Having a DDI seems to be more likely to occur in PATIENTS older than 61 years old. Hematologic cancers, having more medications in physician’s order, longer length of hospital stay, esophageal cancer, testicular cancer and cervical cancer have related to having a DDI and also having more number of interactions.

Introduction: Hospitalization is a stressful event for both PATIENTS and relatives. The aim of the study was to explore factors affecting state and trait anxiety of relatives of HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, was enrolled a convenience sample of 222 relatives of HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS in a public hospital in Athens, Greece. Data were collected by the completion of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) which also included participants’ characteristics. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, while the statistical significance level was P < 0. 05. Results: Of the 222 relatives, 72 were men and 150 women. The average state and trait anxiety score was 45. 6 and 42, respectively, within the possible range of scores (20-80) thus indicating moderate levels of anxiety. Moreover, state and trait anxiety was statistically significantly associated with gender, degree of information of patient’ s health, whether they had readjusted family responsibilities, whether they had financial worries, whether they experienced uncertainty about future and finally whether they were anxious about their ability to respond to PATIENTS care. Conclusion: Factors associated with relatives’ anxiety were gender, information regarding patient’ s health, family responsibilities, financial worries, uncertainty and anxiety to respond to PATIENTS’ care. These factors need to be evaluated when planning psychological intervention to alleviate this emotional burden.

Background: Staphylococcus epidermidis as a typical opportunist pathogen is responsible for major nosocomial infections, and has a substantial impact on human life and health. Studies have shown that its main virulence factor is the ability to form biofi lms on polymeric surfaces to which it adheres and colonize. The biofi lms protect microorganisms such as Staphylococcus epidermidis against the action of antibiotics administered for the treatment of infections and against the patient’ s immune system. Methods: In the current study, 50 isolates of S. epidermidis were characterized and subjected to biofi lm detection by the microtiter plate (MTP), Congo red agar (CRA), and PCR methods. Antibiotic resistance was assessed by the disk diff usion method. The clinical source of S. epidermidis was as follows: blood (n = 20, 40%), urine (n = 4, 8%), wound (n = 8, 16%), catheter (n = 10, 20%), and pus (n = 8, 16%). Results: The current study showed that all the isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, and Synercid and all were resistant to penicillin. Moreover, 68% of the isolates were biofi lm-positive by CRA and 76% by MTP methods. Finally, 72% of the isolates showed icaA genes. Conclusions: The pathogenic determinants of S. epidermidis are very complex, multifactorial, and dependent on numerous genetic and environmental factors. Other genes that may contribute to pathogenicity are also involved in biofi lm formation in S. epidermidis that need to be studied in more accurate molecular assays.

Introduction: Anxiety are considered as survivors based on their new hair or new nasal nose and their aim is to study and evaluate them. Preoperative anxiety was measured in HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS in Peymanieh Hospital in Jahrom in year 2019.  Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 209 PATIENTS admitted to hospitals affiliated to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in year 97. Data gathering tool was Spielberg's demographic information and anxiety questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests at the significant level P <0. 05.  Results: Mean trait anxiety was 44. 96 7 7. 75 and mean state anxiety was 44. 54 8 8. 17. There was a significant relationship between preoperative anxiety and age and marital status. There was no significant difference between mean trait anxiety and men and women (p = 0. 492, p = 0. 391). But there was a significant difference between the average anxiety of trait and the status of single and married people (p = 0. 006, p = 0. 006). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, preoperative anxiety was not different between men and women, but it was higher in single men than in married people. Therefore, it is recommended to use various methods for patient education and to determine the educational program to eliminate the factors affecting anxiety.

Background & Aim: Historically, comfort has been an optimal outcome in caring of hospital PATIENTS though, the concept of comfort from PATIENTS' perspective is rarely assessed. The aim of this study was to explore HOSPITALIZED Medical-Surgical PATIENTS' experiences and perceptions regarding of comfort and discomfort.Material & Method: A qualitative approach using grounded theory was adopted in this study. The data collected by semi-structured interviews and participants' observation, from a purposive sample of 31 medical-surgical PATIENTS, with 11 PATIENTS' accompanied relatives who were subjected to questions and constant comparative analysis. This study was conducted in five large teaching and semi-private hospitals in Iran.Result: Date analysis covered a number of themes obviously included discomfort. In fact, experiencing discomfort was so persistent in the data, that it formed several categories including "physical, psychosocial and environmental discomfort". Self help and organizing of informal caring web, and seeking help from others, were the participants' main strategies to deal with discomfort.Conclusion: The finding indicated that hospitalization of PATIENTS is not always necessarily equivalent to effective deal with caring and therapeutic needs. PATIENTS experience a lot of distress related to hospital's policies, regulations and priorities. PATIENTS can have active role for discomfort management. In addition, it is highlighted the roles of PATIENTS' relative and care-givers in hospitals.Therefore, without cooperation of care-givers (PATIENTS' relatives), the quality of nursing care could be disturbed seriously.